|
Statistics on rape and other sexual assaults are commonly available in industrialized countries, and are becoming more common throughout the world. Inconsistent definitions of rape, different rates of reporting, recording, prosecution and conviction for rape create controversial statistical disparities, and lead to accusations that many rape statistics are unreliable or misleading. According to ''USA Today'' reporter Kevin Johnson "no other major category of crime – not murder, assault or robbery – has generated a more serious challenge of the credibility of national crime statistics" than rape.〔"Rape statistics not crystal clear" by Kevin Johnson, ''USA Today'', November 19, 1998〕 A United Nations statistical report compiled from government sources showed that more than 250,000 cases of rape or attempted rape were recorded by police annually. The reported data covered 65 countries. In some jurisdictions, male-female rape is the only form of rape counted in the statistics. The attitude of the police in many countries often discourages victims from reporting rape: one study in Turkey (1999) found that 33% of police officers agreed with the assertion that "some women deserve rape" and 66% agreed that "the physical appearance and behaviors of women tempt men to rape." In many parts of the world, rape is very rarely reported, due to the extreme social stigma cast on those who have been raped, or the fear of being disowned by their families, or subjected to violence, including honor killings. Furthermore, in countries where adultery and/or premarital sex are illegal, victims of rape can face prosecution under these laws, if there is not sufficient evidence to prove a rape in the court. Even if they can prove their rape case, evidence during investigation may surface showing that they were not virgins at the time of the rape, which, if they are unmarried, opens the door for prosecution. Countries may or may not criminalize marital rape, and, in many countries which do criminalize it, prosecutions for it are exceptionally rare. Sexual activity in marriage is, in many parts of the world, considered an absolute right of the husband that can be taken with or without the consent of his wife; the very act of a woman refusing to have sex with her husband may be considered unthinkable: in one survey, 74% of women in Mali said that a husband is justified to beat his wife if she refuses to have sex with him. Though ''de jure'', a rape law may be applicable to any victim; ''de facto'' the enforcement of the law often excludes certain victims, such as prostitutes, women who were not virgins at the time of the rape, or other women with a 'bad reputation'. ==Research== Most rape research and reporting to date has been limited to male-female forms of rape. Research on male-male and female-male is beginning to be done. However, almost no research has been done on female-female rape, though women can be charged with rape in a few jurisdictions. A few books, such as ''Violent Betrayal: Partner Abuse in Lesbian Relationships'' by Dr. Claire M. Renzetti,〔Renzetti, Claire M. ''(Violent Betrayal: Partner Abuse in Lesbian Relationships )''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1992, ISBN 0-8039-3888-8.〕 ''No More Secrets: Violence in Lesbian Relationships'' by Janice Ristock,〔Ristock, Janice. ''(No More Secrets: Violence in Lesbian Relationships )''. New York: Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-92946-6.〕 and ''Woman-to-Woman Sexual Violence: Does She Call It Rape?'' by Lori B. Girshick〔Girshick, Lori B. ''(Woman-to-Woman Sexual Violence: Does She Call It Rape? ) (The Northeastern Series on Gender, Crime, and the Law)''. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000, ISBN 1-55553-527-5.〕 also cover the topic of rape of women by other women. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rape statistics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|